ePROBE

In a nutshell: PAPER

We have summarised a representative selection of peer-reviewed publications that report on the application of solid-state NMR in energy storage materials research. The papers focus on both new hardware approaches and studies of various kind of battery materials including Li- and Na-ion batteries, solid-state electrolytes, and all-solid-state batteries, supercapacitors, flow-cells, etc. Furthermore, we have listed a few review articles and book chapters. Would you like to see your publication(s) added to this list? Please do not hesitate to contact us.

Understanding the effect of in-situ pre-lithiation through operando solid-state NMR on lithium-ion capacitors

Nahom Enkubahri Asres, Maria Arnaiz, Miguel Granados-Moreno, Roman Mysyk, Jon Ajuria, Daniel Carriazo, Juan Miguel López del Amo

(extlink: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775326020434?via%3Dihub text: Journal of Power Sources, Volume 695, Dec. 2026)

Direct In Situ Detection of Metal Plating in Li- and Na-Ion Battery Packs Using Plug-and-Play NMR

Konstantin Romanenko; Nikolai I. Avdievich

(extlink: https://pubs.acs.org/aaemcq/article-abstract/9/17/11904/5329717/Direct-In-Situ-Detection-of-Metal-Plating-in-Li text: ACS Appl. Energy Mater. (2026) 9 (17): 11904–11910.)

HOT-operando-NMR: A new versatile solid-state NMR probe system for high-temperature operando NMR studies of solid-state battery materials

Sara A. Salout, Leonid Shupletsov, Yi-Zhen Jiang, Silvia Paasch, Marco Braun, Piotr Lepucki, Oliver Pecher, and Eike Brunner

(extlink: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=7288191 text: SSRN (preprint/working paper) 15 August 2026); J. Magn. Reson. 2026, in press.

Practical Considerations for Operando 7Li NMR in Coin and Pouch Cells

Asya Svirinovsky-Arbeli, Yongbeom Kwon, Kaitlin Corpus, Pascal Scholzen, Piotr Lepucki, Oliver Pecher, and Lauren Marbella

(extlink: https://pubs.acs.org/cmatex/article-abstract/doi/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6c01590/5448483/Practical-Considerations-for-Operando7Li-Nuclear?redirectedFrom=fulltext text: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6c01590)

Sustainable Carbon Fibers Enable Stable Long-Term Lithium Metal Deposition for Prospective Zero-Excess Lithium Metal Batteries

Samantha L. S. Southern, Jonathon Cottom, Jana B. Fritzke, Emma N. Antonio, Zhenyu Guo, Bhavini Patel, Romain Tort, Ifan E. L. Stephens, Camilla Di Mino, Clare P. Grey, Rhodri Jervis, Emilia Olsson, Heather Au, Maria-Magdalena Titirici

(extlink: https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.202506780 text: Advanced Energy Materials (2026): e06780)

NMR spectroscopic investigation of LiNO₃-induced SEI modification in Li–S batteries: A concentration-dependent study

Jana Beatrice Fritzke, Mark Stockham, Marie Juramy, Samuel D. S. Fitch, Liam Furness, Nuria Garcia-Araez and Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2026/fd/d6fd00047a text: Faraday Discuss., 2026, Accepted Manuscript)

Monitoring Redox Pathways and Performance Limitations in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Using In Situ 7/6Li and 33S NMR Spectroscopies

Jana B. Fritzke, Sunita Dey, Christopher A. O’ Keefe, Jeongjae Lee, Kazuhiro Kamiguchi, Daisuke Mori, Yuri Nakayama, Clare P. Grey
(extlink: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.202525050 text: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2026, e25050)

Core-Shell: Resolving the Dilemma of Hard Carbon Anodes by Sealing Nanoporous Particles With Semi-Permeable Coatings

Paul Alexander Appel, Carsten Prinz, Jian Liang Low, Nahom Enkubahri Asres, Shu-Han Wu, Annica Freytag, Jonas Krug von Nidda, Nader Amadeu de Sousa, and Tim-Patrick Fellinger

(extlink: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202519457 text: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2026, 65,e19457)

Operando Magic Angle Spinning Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy of Methanol Photoreforming Over Titania-Coated Silica Monoliths

Fei Ding, Karl König, Johannes Böhmer, Florian M. Wisser, Erdmann Spiecker, Benjamin Apeleo Zubiri, and Dorothea Wisser

(extlink: https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.202503583 text: Chemistry –A European Journal, 2026; 32:e03583)

In situ NMR–guided design of alkaline electrochemical ammonia synthesis

Ruipeng Luo, Anna Bergljót Gunnarsdóttir, Ruud L. E. G. Aspers, and Evan Wenbo Zhao

(extlink: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ady8858#sec-1 text: Sci. Adv.11,eady8858(2025))

Probing sodium structures and dynamics in hard carbon for Na-ion batteries using 23Na operando solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Matej Gabrijelčič, Blaž Tratnik, Gregor Kapun, Elena Tchernychova, Nataša Zabukovec Logar, Andraž Krajnc, Robert Dominko, Alen Vizintin

(extlink: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/ta/d4ta07135b text: J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025)

Structural and chemical analysis of hard carbon negative electrode for Na-ion battery with X-ray Raman scattering and solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Ava Rajh, Matej Gabrijelčič, Blaž Tratnik, Klemen Bučar, Iztok Arčon, Marko Petric, Robert Dominko, Alen Vizintin, Matjaž Kavčič

(extlink: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622324006171 text: Carbon 2024)

Elucidating the role of cathode identity: Voltage-dependent reversibility of anode-free batteries

Yongbeom Kwon, Asya Svirinovsky-Arabeli, Julia C. Hestenes, Pablo Buitrago, Kaitlin Rae M. Corpus, Svetlana Menkin, Piotr Lepucki, Oliver Pecher, Lauren E. Marbella

(extlink: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2451929424002559 text: Chem 2024)

Towards Routine 7Li In-Situ Solid-State NMR Studies of Electrochemical Processes in Li|LiPF6|LFP Cells Applying New NMR Technologies

Edina Šić, Dominion Fredericks, Oliver Pecher, Sebastian Wegner, Hergen Breitzke, Vickram Singh, Gerd Buntkowsky, Torsten Gutmann

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-024-01643-1 text: Appl. Magn. Reson. (2024))

Insights into soft short circuit-based degradation of lithium metal batteries

Svetlana Menkin, Jana B. Fritzke, Rebecca Larner, Cas de Leeuw, Yoonseong Choi, Anna B. Gunnarsdottir, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1039/D3FD00101F text: Faraday Discuss. 2024, Advance Article)

Associative pyridinium electrolytes for air-tolerant redox flow batteries

Mark E. Carrington, Kamil Sokołowski, Erlendur Jónsson, Evan Wenbo Zhao, Anton M. Graf, Israel Temprano, Jade A. McCune, Clare P. Grey & Oren A. Scherman

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06664-7 text: Nature (2023) 623, 949)

Operando benchtop NMR reveals reaction intermediates and crossover in redox flow batteries

Bing Wu, Ruud L.E.G. Aspers, Arno P.M. Kentgens, Evan Wenbo Zhao

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107448 text: J. Magn. Reson. 2023, 351, 107448 (invited))

Investigating structural properties and reaction mechanism of non-stoichiometric spinel LNMO via solid state NMR

Nahom Enkubahri Asres, Naiara Etxebarria, Iciar Monterrubio, Damien Saurel, Christian Fink Elkjær, Montse Casas-Cabanas, Marine Reynaud, Marcus Fehse and Juan Miguel López del Amo

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TA04649D text: J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11)

Electrochemical Sodium Storage in Hard Carbon Powder Electrodes Implemented in an Improved Cell Assembly: Insights from In-Situ and Ex-Situ Solid-State NMR

Edina Šić, Konstantin Schutjajew, Ulrich Haagen, Hergen Breitzke, Martin Oschatz, Gerd Buntkowsky, Torsten Gutmann

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202301300 text: ChemSusChem 2024, 17, e202301300)

SiCN Ceramics as Electrode Materials for Sodium/Sodium Ion Cells – Insights from 23Na In-Situ Solid-State NMR

Edina Šić, Konstantin Schutjajew, Ulrich Haagen, Hergen Breitzke, Martin Oschatz, Gerd Buntkowsky, Torsten Gutmann

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202200066 text: Batteries & Supercaps, 2022, 5, e20220006.)

Lithium Air Batteries – Tracking Function and Failure

Jana B. Fritzke, James H. J. Ellison, Laurence Brazela, Gabriela Horwitza, Svetlana Menkina, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1039/D3FD00154G text: Faraday Discuss., 2023)

Recent progress in nuclear magnetic resonance strategies for time-resolved atomic-level investigation of crystallization from solution

Marie Juramy, Giulia Mollica

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101663 text: Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2023, 63:101663)

Electrochemical lithium intercalation into and de-intercalation out of B/C materials used as Li-ion battery anodes

Shotaro Nagakura, Yukako Kouge, Masae Yoshida, Kazuma Gotoh, Ishin Nishimura, Masayuki Kawaguchi

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.7209/carbon.020205 text: Carbon Reports 2023, 2,123–129)

Operando NMR electrochemical gating studies of ion dynamics in PEDOT:PSS

Dongxun Lyu, Yanting Jin, Pieter C. M. M. Magusin, Simone Sturniolo, Evan Wenbo Zhao, Shunsuke Yamamoto, Scott T. Keene, George G. Malliaras, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-023-01524-1 text: Nat. Mater 2023, 22, 746–753)

Stacking-Fault Enhanced Oxygen Redox in Li2MnO3

Xiang Li, Xinhao Li, Lisa Monluc, Benjamin Chen, Mingxue Tang, Po-Hsiu Chien, Xuyong Feng, Ivan Hung, Zhehong Gan, Alexander Urban, Yan-Yan Hu

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202200427 text: Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2200427)

Magnetic Resonance Microscopy: Instrumentation and Applications in Engineering, Life Science and Energy Research

Editors: Sabina Haber‐Pohlmeier, Bernhard Blümich, Luisa Ciobanu

Wiley‐VCH GmbH 2022
Print ISBN:9783527347605
(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527827244 text: Online ISBN:9783527827244)

Dynamic Nuclear Polarization in battery materials

Shira Haber, Michal Leskes

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssnmr.2021.101763 text: Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 2022, 17, 101763)

Correlating Local Structure and Sodium Storage in Hard Carbon Anodes: Insights from Pair Distribution Function Analysis and Solid-State NMR

Joshua M. Stratford, Annette K. Kleppe, Dean S. Keeble, Philip A. Chater, Seyyed Shayan Meysami, Christopher J. Wright, Jerry Barker, Maria-Magdalena Titirici, Phoebe K. Allan, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.1c06058 text: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 35, 14274–14286)

A parallel-plate RF probe and battery cartridge for 7Li ion battery studies

Andrés Ramírez Aguilera, Bryce MacMillan, Sergey Krachkovskiy, Kevin J. Sanders, Fahad Alkhayri , C. Adam Dyker, Gillian R. Goward, Bruce J. Balcom

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2021.106943 text: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Volume 325, April 2021)

The role of diffusion process in the self-discharge of electrochemical capacitors

Lars H. Hess, Natalia Fulik, Josephine Röhner, En Zhang, Stefan Kaskel, Eike Brunner, Andrea Balducci

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.02.007 text: Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 37, 501-508)

Mechanisms for overcharging of carbon electrodes in lithium-ion/sodium-ion batteries analysed by operando solid-state NMR

Kazuma Gotoh, Tomu Yamakami, Ishin Nishimura, Hina Kometani, Hideka Ando, Kenjiro Hashi, Tadashi Shimizu, Hiroyuki Ishida

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA04005C text: J. Mater. Chem. A, 2020, 8, 14472)

Quantification of Dead Lithium via In Situ Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Yi-Chen Hsieh, Marco Leißing, Sascha Nowak, Bing-Joe Hwang, Martin Winter, Gunther Brunklaus

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100139 text: Cell Rep. Phys. Sci.1, 2020, 100139)

Real-Time Quantitative Detection of Lithium Plating by In Situ NMR Using a Parallel-Plate Resonator

Sergey A. Krachkovskiy, Mohammad Reza, Andres Ramirez Aguilera, Ion C. Halalay, Bruce J. Balcom and Gillian R. Goward

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abb7ea text: J. Electrochem. Soc. 167, 2020)

Operando NMR of NMC811/Graphite Lithium-Ion Batteries: Structure, Dynamics, and Lithium Metal Deposition

Katharina Märker, Chao Xu, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c06727 text: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 17447−17456)

Noninvasive In Situ NMR Study of “Dead Lithium” Formation and Lithium Corrosion in Full-Cell Lithium Metal Batteries

Anna B. Gunnarsdóttir, Chibueze V. Amanchukwu, Svetlana Menkin, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c10258 text: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 20814−20827)

In situ NMR metrology reveals reaction mechanisms in redox flow batteries

Evan W. Zhao, Tao Liu, Erlendur Jónsson, Jeongjae Lee, Israel Temprano, Rajesh B. Jethwa, Anqi Wang, Holly Smith, Javier Carretero-González, Qilei Song, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2081-7 text: Nature 2020, 579, 224–228)

Three-dimensional pulsed field gradient NMR measurements of self-diffusion in anisotropic materials for energy storage applications

Simone Engelke, Lauren E. Marbella, Nicole M. Trease, Michael De Volder, Clara P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CP07776B text: Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys. 2019, 21, 4538)

Unraveling the Reaction Mechanisms of SiO Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries by Combining in Situ 7Li and ex Situ 7Li/29Si Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Keitaro Kitada, Oliver Pecher, Pieter C. M. M. Magusin, Matthias F. Groh, Robert S. Weatherup, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b01589 text: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 7014−7027)

Phase transformations and capacity fade mechanism in LixSn nanoparticle electrodes revealed by operando 7Li NMR

Jose L. Lorie Lopez, Philip J. Grandinetti, Anne C. Co

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA03345A text: J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 10781)

In Situ Magic-Angle Spinning 7Li NMR Analysis of a Full Electrochemical Lithium-Ion Battery Using a Jelly Roll Cell Design

Annica I. Freytag, Allen D. Pauric, Sergey A. Krachkovskiy, Gillian R. Goward

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b06885 text: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 13758−13761)

Long-run in operando NMR to investigate the evolution and degradation of battery cells

Steffen A. Kayser, Achim Mester, Andreas Mertens, Peter Jakes, Rüdiger-A. Eichelad, Josef Granwehr

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CP01067F text: Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys. 2018, 20, 13765)

Operando Mapping of Li Concentration Profiles and Phase Transformations in Graphite Electrodes by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Sergey A. Krachkovskiy, Jamie M. Foster, J. David Bazak, Bruce J. Balcom, and Gillian R. Goward

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b06563 text: J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 38)

In Situ Stripline Electrochemical NMR for Batteries

Eric G. Sorte, Nathan A. Banek, Michael J. Wagner, Todd M. Alam, YuYe J. Tong

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201800434 text: ChemElectroChem 2018, 5, 2336–2340)

NMR on Electrochemical Storage Materials

New Developments in NMR No. 15, Modern Methods in Solid-state NMR: A Practitioner’s Guide, Chapter 11 (Editor: Paul Hodgkinson)

Pieter C. M. M. Magusin, Ieuan Seymour, Oliver Pecher, Clare P. Grey

The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018
Print ISBN 978-1-78262-854-5
PDF eISBN: 978-1-78801-046-7
ePub eISBN: 978-1-78801-419-9

Investigating Sodium Storage Mechanisms in Tin Anodes: A Combined Pair Distribution Function Analysis, Density Functional Theory, and Solid-State NMR Approach

Joshua M. Stratford, Martin Mayo, Phoebe K. Allan, Oliver Pecher, Olaf J. Borkiewicz, Kamila M. Wiaderek, Karena W. Chapman, Chris J. Pickard, Andrew J. Morris, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jacs.7b01398 text: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 21, 7273–7286)

In Situ NMR Observation of the Temporal Speciation of Lithium Sulfur Batteries during Electrochemical Cycling

Hao Wang, Niya Sa, Meinan He, Xiao Liang, Linda F. Nazar, Mahalingam Balasubramanian, Kevin G. Gallagher, Baris Key

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b01922 text: J. Phys. Chem. C 2017, 121, 6011−6017)

Materials’ Methods: NMR in Battery Research

Oliver Pecher, Javier Carretero-González, Kent J. Griffith, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03183 text: Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 213−242)

Enhanced efficiency of solid-state NMR investigations of energy materials using an external automatic tuning/matching (eATM) robot

Oliver Pecher , David M. Halat, Jeongjae Lee, Zigeng Liu, Kent J. Griffith, Marco Braun, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2016.12.008 text: J. Magn. Reson. 2017, 275, 127–136)

Einblick in Echtzeit: Untersuchung von Batteriematerialien

Lauren E. Marbella, Oliver Pecher

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20174067376 text: Nachr. Chem. 2017, 65, 1213-1218)

Sustainability and in situ monitoring in battery development

Clare P. Grey, Jean- Marie Tarascon

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4777 text: Nature Mater. 2017,16, 45–56)

Mechanistic insights into sodium storage in hard carbon anodes using local structure probes

Joshua M. Stratford, Phoebe K. Allan, Oliver Pecher, Philip A. Chater and Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2016/cc/c6cc06990h text: Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 12430-12433)

Automatic Tuning Matching Cycler (ATMC) in situ NMR spectroscopy as a novel approach for real-time investigations of Li- and Na-ion batteries

Oliver Pecher, Paul M. Bayley, Hao Liu, Zigeng Liu, Nicole M. Trease, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2016.02.008 text: J. Magn. Reson., 2016, 265, 200–209)

Challenges and new opportunities of in situ NMR characterization of electrochemical processes

Oliver Pecher, Anastasia Vyalikh, Clara P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4961903 text: AIP Conf. Proc. 2016, 1765, 020011)

Interactions Between Electrolytes and Carbon-Based Materials-NMR Studies on Electrical Double Layer Capacitors, Lithium-Ion Batteries, and Fuel Cells

Martin Oschatz, Lars Borchardt, Felix Hippauf, Winfried Nickel, Stefan Kaskel, Eike Brunner

(extlink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.arnmr.2015.08.003 text: Annu. Rep. NMR Spectrosc. 2015)

In situ NMR and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance techniques reveal the structure of the electrical double layer in supercapacitors

John M. Grin, Alexander C. Forse,Wan-Yu Tsai, Pierre-Louis Taberna, Patrice Simon, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4318 text: Nat. Mater. 2015,14, 812–819)

Paramagnetic electrodes and bulk magnetic susceptibility effects in the in situ NMR studies of batteries: Application to Li1.08Mn1.92O4 spinels

Lina Zhou, Michal Leskes, Andrew J. Ilott, Nicole M. Trease, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2013.05.011 text: J. Magn. Reson. 2013, 234, 44–57)

In Situ NMR Spectroscopy of Supercapacitors: Insight into the Charge Storage Mechanism

Hao Wang, Alexander C. Forse, John M. Griffin, Nicole M. Trease, Lorie Trognko, Pierre-Louis Taberna, Patrice Simon, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja410287s text: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 18968−18980)

In situ NMR of lithium ion batteries: Bulk susceptibility effects and practical considerations

Nicole M. Trease, Lina Zhou, Hee Jung Chang, Ben Yunxu Zhu, Clare P.Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssnmr.2012.01.004 text: Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 2012, 42, 62–70)

Real-Time NMR Studies of Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors

Hao Wang, Thomas K.-J. Köster, Nicole M. Trease, Julie Segalini, Pierre-Louis Taberna, Patrice Simon, Yury Gogotsi, Clare P. Grey

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja2072115 text: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 19270–19273)

New cell design for in-situ NMR studies of lithium-ion batteries

Fabrizia Poli, Jugeshwar S. Kshetrimayum, Laure Monconduit, Michel Letellier

(extlink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2011.07.019 text: Electrochem. Com. 2011, 13,1293–1295)

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